Around 1918, it was found that charcoals made from the shells and seeds of various fruits and nuts such as coconuts, chestnuts, horse-chestnuts, and peach stones performed much better than wood charcoal. In the first gas masks of World War I, it was initially found that wood charcoal was a good absorbent of poison gases. A compact version, the Small Box Respirator, was made a universal issue from August 1916. This canister gas mask had a tin can containing the absorbent materials by a hose and began to be issued in February 1916. In summer and autumn 1915, Edward Harrison, Bertram Lambert and John Sadd developed the Large Box Respirator. More elaborate sorbent compounds were added later to further iterations of his helmet (PH helmet), to defeat other respiratory poison gases used such as phosgene, diphosgene and chloropicrin. The design was adopted by the British Army and introduced as the British Smoke Hood in June 1915 Macpherson was appointed to the War Office Committee for Protection against Poisonous Gases. Macpherson presented his idea to the British War Office Anti-Gas Department on 10th of May 1915, with prototypes being developed soon after. A 50.5 cm × 48 cm (19.9 in × 18.9 in) canvas hood treated with chlorine-absorbing chemicals, and fitted with a transparent mica eyepiece. Seeking to improve on the Black Veil respirator, Cluny MacPherson created a mask made of chemical absorbing fabric and which fitted over the entire head. This was followed by the Black Veil Respirator, invented by John Scott Haldane, which was a cotton pad soaked in an absorbent solution which was secured over the mouth using black cotton veiling. As an immediate response was cotton wool wrapped in muslin issued to the troops by 1 May. The German army used poison gas for the first time against Allied troops at the Second Battle of Ypres, Belgium on 22 April 1915. Nokia, the later producer of the M/30 and other masks in Finland, made Zelinsky Kummant masks during the First World War because Finland was part of the Russian Empire at that time.The First World War brought about the first need for mass-produced gas masks on both sides because of extensive use of chemical weapons. Despite this, the Army used them in Winter War. In 1929, Finland had 87,500 of these masks, but they were already out-of-date. Used Zelinsky masks in small numbers alongside with the Small Box Respirator. Nacionālie Bruņotie Spēki (Latvian Defence Forces) Got masks from Russia as a war effort against Austria-Hungary. Ру́сская импера́торская а́рмия (Imperial Russian Army)įrom 1916 to 1917, over 11 million Zelinsky-Kummant gas masks were produced for the Imperial Russian Army, despite it comprising of only 6.5 million soldiers. All masks featuring Mining Institute facepieces were out of use by the end of 1916. They would eventually be pulled from production, a decision made on March 19th of 1916 at a Special Conference on Defense meeting where they were deemed "unsuitable" after failing to protect soldiers from a gas attack at the front between Riga and Vilna, resulting in the death of 16,000 soldiers. Regardless, 6 million of these masks were produced. The Mining Institute facepiece, designed by teachers at the Petrograd Mining Institute, would be tested and found to be difficult to breathe in and provided less protection than the original Zelinsky Kummant masks featuring the Avalon facepiece. Petersburg, designed hermetically sealed rubber gas masks with glass lenses that would be combined with Zelinsky's activated charcoal filtration to create the Zelinsky Kummant mask. Emond Kummant, an engineer at the Triangle rubber factory in St. However, in 1915, Nikolay noticed how activated charcoal was used to filter liquors and implemented this idea into the gas mask. Early models of the filter used natrium lime to absorb the gas and let oxygen flow through. A chemist, Nikolay Zelinsky was tasked with creating a gas mask for the Imperial Russian army immediately. Īfter the war, radio operator and rebreather masks were made based on the Zelinsky Kummant. This was prone to damage at first, but was later protected by being hidden within the filter in subsequent redesigns. ![]() Later during the First World War, Davidovich Joseph Avalov upgraded the Zelinsky-Kummant mask by adding an additional hollow segment to the Petrogradtsky filter, which included an outlet valve. All had a cap which contained the mask itself, and all contained the same substances. There were three types of filters: Petrogratsky (rectangular), Moskovsky (tall oval) and Kazenny (shorter oval). Rarely, grey Mining Institute facepieces have been depicted attached to red rubber hoods. The other one, called the Mining Institute or Prince of Oldenburg facepiece, had smaller glass eyepieces and had no "finger horn". The Avalov facepiece had celluloid lenses and a "finger horn" which allowed the user to insert a finger inside to wipe the lenses.
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